Association between obesity with the diversity and genus of gut microbiota in school-aged children / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective: To analyze the diversity differences of gut microbiota between school-aged obese children and normal-weight children and identify the characteristic flora in obese children to provide some evidence for the subsequent study of the following study-related mechanisms and the prevention and treatment of obesity in school-aged children. Methods: This study was based on a cohort established in a primary school in Jiading district, Shanghai, 2016. Sixty-three children, including 43 boys and 20 girls, who were obese during the three years from 2016 to 2018, were enrolled in the obesity group. Among children who were average weight for three years, a total of 63 were selected as the control group, with matching with the obese ones in a 1 to 1 way according to age, sex and class. The primary characteristics, diet status, breastfeeding, and other information of children were collected by questionnaire. Fecal samples of participants in both groups were collected, and 16S rDNA sequencing was performed. Operable taxon units clustering according to 97% similarity and species annotation were based on the quality-optimized sequences. The difference in the diversity and genius of gut microbiota among children in the obesity and control groups were analyzed. The α diversity indices, including Ace, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson index, were calculated. The β diversity was presented based on unweighted Unifrac distance and weighted Unifrac space by principal coordinate analysis. The differences in β diversity between the two groups were compared by similarity analysis (ANOSIM).The differences in genus distribution between the two groups were selected by STAMP software. The association of obesity with the α diversity and genus with significant differences were analyzed by the generalized linear model (GLM). Results: The Ace and Chao1 index in the obesity group was significantly lower than those in the control group (The P values were 0.026 and 0.039, respectively). There was no significant difference in Shannon and Simpson index between the two groups (The P values were 0.879 and 0.922, respectively). The results of ANOSIM showed differences in gut microbiota between the two groups (R>0), but the group contribution was not significant (unweighted Unifrac distance: R=0.006, P=0.223; weighted Unifrac distance: R=0.010, P=0.134). Among the obese group, the relative abundance of Prevotella and Sarcina was highest in the endemic genus. The STAMP results showed that the relative lots of 15 genera were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). The results of GLM showed that, compared with the control group, the obesity group had a lower level of the relative abundance in Akkermansia muciniphila, while a higher level in Coprococcus_3, Ruminococcus, Agathobacter and Collinsella. After stratification by sex, the Chao1 index was also lower in the obese boys than that in the normal-weight boys. However, the obese girls only had a higher level in Coprococcus_3 than the ordinary weight girls. Conclusions: Compared with children with average weight, obese children had lower α diversity of gut microbiota and lower relative abundance of dominant probiotics but had a higher relative lot of genus associated with metabolic disorders, inflammation promotion, and metabolism rate reduction.

Prevalence and control of human diseases caused by Beta Coronavirus / 上海预防医学

Beta coronaviruses (β-CoVs) can infect human and a variety of animals, causing respiratory, intestinal, liver and nervous system diseases of the hosts.Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by coronavirus in 32 countries and regions in 2002, there have been Middle East respiratory syndrome and human coronavirus HKU1 pneumonia caused by other viruses of this genus.β-CoVs pose a continuous threat to human health with its high transmission efficiency, serious infection consequences and uncertain epidemic outbreaks.Hereby, the epidemic history, virus sources and transmission modes of β-CoVs, as well as the detection and monitoring methods for the virus are reviewed in the paper to provide ideas and measures for better control of human diseases caused by β-CoVs.

Prevalence and control of human diseases caused by Beta Coronavirus / 上海预防医学

Beta coronaviruses (β-CoVs) can infect human and a variety of animals, causing respiratory, intestinal, liver and nervous system diseases of the hosts.Since the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) caused by coronavirus in 32 countries and regions in 2002, there have been Middle East respiratory syndrome and human coronavirus HKU1 pneumonia caused by other viruses of this genus.β-CoVs pose a continuous threat to human health with its high transmission efficiency, serious infection consequences and uncertain epidemic outbreaks.Hereby, the epidemic history, virus sources and transmission modes of β-CoVs, as well as the detection and monitoring methods for the virus are reviewed in the paper to provide ideas and measures for better control of human diseases caused by β-CoVs.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) H9N2 are in the course of reassorting into novel AIVs / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

In 2013, two episodes of influenza emerged in China and caused worldwide concern. A new H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) first appeared in China on February 19, 2013. By August 31, 2013, the virus had spread to ten provinces and two metropolitan cities. Of 134 patients with H7N9 influenza, 45 died. From then on, epidemics emerged sporadically in China and resulted in several victims. On November 30, 2013, a 73-year-old woman presented with an influenza-like illness. She developed multiple organ failure and died 9 d after the onset of disease. A novel reassortant AIV, H10N8, was isolated from a tracheal aspirate specimen that was obtained from the patient 7 d after onset. This case was the first human case of influenza A subtype H10N8. On 4 February, 2014, another death due to H10N8 avian influenza was reported in Jiangxi Province, China.

Test results analysis on wild measles virus neutralizing antibodies in 70 pairs of mother and infant / 上海预防医学

[Objective] To investigate the level of wild -measles neutralization antibody of both mother and infant , and its correlation between the paired mother and infant . [ Methods] The wild-mea-sles neutralization antibody in the serum of the women and their infants were detected directly by a neutral -ization test (NT) methods. [ Results] The positivity rates of neutralization antibody in mothers and their infants were 91.52%and 88.57%respectively, geometric mean title of neutralization antiboby (GMT) being 61.32 and 58.17 respectively.And the titer of neutralization antibody was highly correlated ( r=0.899, P<0.01)between mother and infant in pairs.When the GMT of mother was ≥1∶16,the positivity rate of neutralization antibody in their infants might reach 100.00%. [ Conclusion] It is important to increase the maternal measles antibody level in order to prevent infants from measles .

Type and subtype distribution of influenza virus and genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in Shanghai area in duration of 2004 - 2008 / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the type and subtype distribution of influenza virus and the genetic evolution of hemagglutinin (HA) in Shanghai area during 2004 to 2008.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All 962 throat swabs were collected from influenza-like patients in 5 influenza sentry hospitals and influenza outbreaks. Influenza viruses were isolated in MDCK cell lines, and then viral types and subtypes were identified. The HA of influenza A isolates selected by outbreak or sporadic patients in different areas and epidemic seasons were sequenced and analyzed by phylogenetic trees.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A/H3N2, accounting for 54.9% (162/295), was the dominate subtype in recent years, but less popular in the end of 2005 to the middle of 2006 with 0% (0/16)and 23.5% (8/34) of positive specimen, respectively. There were more A/H1N1 isolates in 2005 - 2006 with 21.4% (12/56), 43.8% (7/16) and 76.5% (26/34) of positive specimen, respectively, but declined obviously in 2007 - 2008 accounting for only 0% (0/44) and 5.0% (7/139). Influenza B virus was more popular in 2004 to 2005 with 42.9% (24/56) and 56.2% (9/16), respectively, and not isolated from 2006 to 2007, then increased in 2008 accounting for 34.5% (48/139). Phylogenetic tree of HA showed that A/H1N1 isolates in the same year clustered from 2005 to 2008, and most A/H3N2 isolated were homologous in the same year during 2004 - 2008 while some were inserted to the clusters of near years and more distinguished sequences appeared. A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 isolates were all similar to the vaccine strains recommended by WHO.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The distribution of influenza type and subtype kept on changing each year, but A/H3N2 dominated in most years. A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 in the same year clustered, but some A/H3N2 of near years were and evolved faster with more distinguished strains appeared in same interval. Generally, HA of influenza A isolates in Shanghai during 2004 to 2008 were similar to the WHO reference strains.</p>

Study on evolutionary origin of influenza A virus (H1N1) based on HA gene / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the evolutionary rate and divergence time of influenza A virus HA gene isolated recently worldwide pandemic and explore the origin and its transmission.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 344 H1 sequences available in the GenBank (including 248 isolated from human, 84 from swine, 11 from avian, and 1 from ferret) and 7 isolated in Shanghai were collected. The nucleotide substitution rate and time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was calculated using molecular clock theory and Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) based on Markov chain Monte Carlo. Then genetic phylogeny was constructed referring to posterior distribution.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was found that H1 sequences in the US from human, swine and avian were clustered significantly with swine H1 ones from Asia phylogenetically (Cluster US). The second cluster (Cluster Eurasian Human) nearly consisted of human H1 sequences isolated in other regions. The third cluster (Cluster Eurasian Animal) consisted of swine and avian H1 sequences from China and Italy respectively. As for all the H1 sequences, the evolutionary rate was of 2.57 x 10(-3) substitutions/site per year averagely (95% Highest Posterior Density: 1.96 x 10(-3) - 3.03 x 10(-3)/site per year). The estimated dates for tMRCA of human H1 in Europe and swine H1 in the mainland of China were the earliest, with the corresponding rates of 6.46 x 10(-3)/site per year and 0.97 x 10(-3)/site per year respectively. The tMRCAs of human and swine H1 sequences from the US were similar, with the rates of 5.86 x 10(-3)/site per year and 5.02 x 10(-3)/site per year.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The present flu outbreak was possibly induced by long-term circulation of influenza A virus (H1N1) in human population and swine herds in America. There was no evidence proving that influenza virus in China involved in the present outbreak.</p>

Sequence analysis on measles viruses isolated in Shanghai in 2005 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To ascertain the genetic characterization and genotype of measles viruses isolated in Shanghai region, in 2005.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Measles virus was isolated from throat swab specimens collected from suspected measles cases and 450 bp fragment of C terminus of nucleprotein (N) gene was amplified by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis was conducted to ascertain the genotype and to compare the difference of nucleotide with other measles virus strain published in GenBank.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>4 measles viruses were isolated from 10 throat swab specimens, and the sequence analysis indicated that they belonged to H1 genotype. The homogeneity of 450 nucleotides in the C terminal of the N gene was at 98%-98.2% as compared to H1 genotype (China93-7). They differed from genotype H2 (China94-1) at 6.4%-6.9% and from genotype A (Edmonston) at 6.7%-6.9%, from measles vaccine (Shanghail91) at 7.6%-8.0%. They differed from the other measles viral strain isolated in China in 1993 - 2005 at 0.2%-3.7%. The variation within 4 isolated measles viruses was at 0.7%-1.3%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It was H1 genotype measles viruses,which are the native viruses in China that led to the outbreak of measles in Shanghai, in 2005.</p>

Application of gene sequence cluster in research for H3 antigenic evolution of influenza A virus / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Gene sequence data were clustered to explore evolution lineages of H3 antigen of influenza A virus.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>All data of H3 RNA sequence in NCBI Genbank and Influenza sequence database were downloaded and aligned in ClustalX while two step cluster method were applied to explore the data.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All sequences were aggregated into ten clusters, while seven of them mainly were human virus. Human virus and avian/other mammal virus were separated into different clusters distinctively, but coexisted into same clusters with swine virus. Time and host distribution were very distinctive in these clusters, but no geographic distribution features were found.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>With the interaction of human immunity system, H3 antigen mutated significantly every 5 - 7 years, and the speed of mutation had accelerated with the application of influenza vaccines in recent years. Mean while, human and swine influenza virus were not separated distinctly between clusters indicating that they had short inheritance distance. Result showed again that swine served as the mixer for antigenic recombination of different influenza virus.</p>

Surveillance of hemagglutinin genetic variation of influenza viruses in Shanghai and Wuxi / 中华传染病杂志

Objectives To explore the type and subtype distribution of influenza viruses in influenza-like patients and the hemagglutinin(HA)genetic variation of influenza A viruses in Shang- hai and Wuxi during the influenza prevalent season from 2004 to 2006.Methods Throat swabs were collected from the influenza-like patients in the sentinel hospitals and during the outbreaks,and then inoculated into MDCK cells to isolate influenza viruses,which were subsequently identified by direct immunofluorescence(DIF)and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).HA seg- ments of influenza A viruses were sequenced to analyze the genetic variation of HA.Results One hundred and twenty-six strains of influenza viruses,including 53 H3N2,43 H1N1 and 30 influenza B viruses were isolated from August 2004 to September 2006,and 7 outbreaks.All these outbreaks oc- curred in February or March The pathogens were identified as H1N1 in one outbreak,H3N2 in two outbreaks,B in two outbreaks and mix infections in two outbreaks(1 H1N1 and B,1 H3N2 and B, respectively).By sequencing the HA segment,the H3 and H1 segments were all homologous to the isolates from different countries in the same period.Conclusion H3N2 and H1N1 are the major strains prevalent in Shanghai and Wuxi,which reach the peak from January to March No HA and NA recom- binant strains and new HA and NA subtypes are found in these areas.The variations of H1 and H3 are similar to those found in other countries.